What is the difference between JPA cascade operations and orphanRemoval?

Cascade policy follows the aggregate boundary, not convenience. I test removing one child, deleting the parent, reassigning a child when allowed, and concurrent updates to the collection. Bulk JPQL or native deletes bypass normal entity lifecycle processing and may not execute cascades or callbacks as object removal would. For material deletions, audit, soft-delete, retention, and external references may make explicit application workflows safer than automatic graph deletion.