Software Design

Abstraction versus encapsulation in C#

Separates hiding implementation complexity from controlling access to state, with practical examples where both ideas work together.

Access modifiers and assembly boundaries in C#

Uses public, internal, protected, private, and protected internal deliberately to control API surface and inheritance exposure.

AppHost vs ServiceDefaults responsibilities in .NET Aspire

Separates application composition in AppHost from reusable in-process defaults for telemetry, health, resilience, and service discovery.

Are Spring singleton beans thread-safe?

Separates container instance reuse from concurrency guarantees and designs singleton services around stateless or safely coordinated state.

Can asyncio code have race conditions even when one event loop uses one thread?

Shows how task interleaving across await points can violate a multi-step invariant.

Choose an interface or abstract base class in C#

Chooses contracts and shared implementation based on substitutability, state ownership, evolution, and inheritance constraints.

Java & Spring Backend

Java and Spring Boot interview preparation grounded in real backend work.

A backend-focused Java and Spring preparation path covering language fundamentals, the JVM, collections, concurrency, Spring Boot, web APIs, persistence, security, testing, reliability, and production diagnosis.

Python Backend

Python backend interview preparation grounded in real service development.

A backend-focused Python preparation path covering language semantics, typing, FastAPI, Django, concurrency, data access, testing, security, background work, reliability, and production diagnosis.