What does encapsulation protect beyond making fields private?

Defines encapsulation as control over state and valid transitions, then connects it to defensive copying and persistence boundaries.

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Encapsulation means an object controls how its state is observed and changed so it can preserve its invariants. A Java Order should not expose a public setStatus that lets any caller jump to any state. It can expose operations such as addItem, confirm, and cancel, each of which validates the transition. Construction should also produce a valid object. Private fields help, but encapsulation is really about the behavioral boundary and ownership of the rules.

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Responsibility for invariants, behavioral APIs, construction, mutable collections, and layered enforcement.

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Private fields are a mechanism; the design goal is that callers cannot bypass the object's rules.
Encapsulation means an object controls how its state is observed and changed so it can preserve its invariants. A Java Order should not expose a public setStatus that lets any caller jump to any state. It can expose operations such as addItem, confirm, and cancel, each of which validates the transition. Construction should also produce a valid object. Private fields help, but encapsulation is really about the behavioral boundary and ownership of the rules.
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Defining encapsulation only as private fields with public getters and setters.
Returning mutable internal collections.
Allowing invalid objects to exist until a later validation call.
Putting persistence or HTTP calls inside an entity to make it self-contained.

What does encapsulation protect beyond making fields private?

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