How do overloading, overriding, and runtime dispatch differ in Java?

Separates compile-time overload resolution from runtime overridden-method dispatch and briefly bounds static hiding.

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Overloading means methods share a name but have different parameter lists. The compiler chooses an overload using the declared argument types and the available signatures. Overriding means a subclass provides a new implementation of an inherited instance method with a compatible signature. When code calls that method through a base-class or interface reference, Java selects the override using the object's runtime type. That runtime selection is dynamic dispatch and is the basis of ordinary polymorphism.

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Method selection, runtime polymorphism, declared versus runtime types, and correct use of overriding contracts.

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Overview
The key distinction is when the method is selected and whether a subtype replaces inherited instance behavior.
Overloading means methods share a name but have different parameter lists. The compiler chooses an overload using the declared argument types and the available signatures. Overriding means a subclass provides a new implementation of an inherited instance method with a compatible signature. When code calls that method through a base-class or interface reference, Java selects the override using the object's runtime type. That runtime selection is dynamic dispatch and is the basis of ordinary polymorphism.
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Return type alone cannot distinguish overloads. An overriding method cannot reduce visibility and may use a covariant return type. The @Override annotation lets the compiler catch signature mistakes and should normally be used. Static methods are hidden rather than overridden, so their selection follows the declared reference or class name. Fields are also not dynamically dispatched. Keeping those cases separate avoids surprising behavior when a subtype defines a member with the same name.

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Saying overloading is runtime polymorphism.
Trying to overload on return type alone.
Calling static method hiding overriding.
Omitting @Override and accidentally creating another overload.

How do overloading, overriding, and runtime dispatch differ in Java?

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