Implement order creation that safely handles retries after an uncertain client response.

• Scope keys to the caller and operation.
• Hash a canonical request shape.
• Persist result and key atomically.
• Enforce a unique database constraint.

I resolve the caller first, hash normalized business input, and reserve the unique key inside the same transaction that creates the order. A concurrent request waits on that key, then replays the committed winner after its own insert loses the uniqueness race.

app.MapPost("/orders", async (CreateOrderRequest request, HttpContext http,
    AppDbContext db, CancellationToken ct) =>
{
    if (!http.Request.Headers.TryGetValue("Idempotency-Key", out var values) ||
        values.Count != 1 || !Guid.TryParse(values[0], out var key))
        return Results.ValidationProblem(new() {
            ["idempotencyKey"] = ["A GUID Idempotency-Key header is required."]
        });

    var userId = http.User.RequireUserId();
    var hash = RequestHash.For(new { request.ProductId, request.Quantity });
    await using var tx = await db.Database.BeginTransactionAsync(ct);
    var reservation = IdempotencyRecord.Started(
        userId, "create-order", key, hash);
    db.IdempotencyRecords.Add(reservation);
    try {
        await db.SaveChangesAsync(ct); // Holds the unique key until this transaction ends.
    } catch (DbUpdateException ex) when (
        UniqueConstraints.IsViolation(ex, "UX_Idempotency_User_Operation_Key")) {
        await tx.RollbackAsync(ct);
        db.ChangeTracker.Clear();
        var winner = await db.IdempotencyRecords.AsNoTracking().SingleAsync(
            x => x.UserId == userId && x.Operation == "create-order" && x.Key == key, ct);
        return Replay(winner, hash, http.Response);
    }

    var order = Order.Create(userId, request.ProductId, request.Quantity);
    var response = new OrderResponse(order.Id, order.Status);
    db.Orders.Add(order);
    reservation.Complete(order.Id,
        StatusCodes.Status201Created, JsonSerializer.Serialize(response));
    await db.SaveChangesAsync(ct);
    await tx.CommitAsync(ct);

    return Results.Created($"/orders/{order.Id}", response);
}).RequireAuthorization();

static IResult Replay(IdempotencyRecord record, byte[] requestHash, HttpResponse response)
{
    if (!CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals(record.RequestHash, requestHash))
        return Results.Conflict(new ProblemDetails {
            Title = "Idempotency key was used with different input",
            Status = StatusCodes.Status409Conflict
        });
    response.Headers.Location = $"/orders/{record.ResourceId}";
    return Results.Json(JsonSerializer.Deserialize<OrderResponse>(record.ResponseJson),
        statusCode: record.StatusCode);
}

The reservation, order, and completed response commit together, so no pending key becomes visible. The unique index on (UserId, Operation, Key) serializes concurrent first use without a check-then-insert window.

• The first response is lost.
• The same key carries different input.
• Two identical requests arrive together.
• A key is reused by another user.

• Dispatch concurrent requests with one key.
• Assert one order row and one key row.
• Replay after process restart.
• Verify different payload returns 409.

• Keeping keys only in memory.
• Recording the key after committing the order.
• Ignoring payload mismatch.
• Treating a client-generated key as globally trusted.