How would you model data fetching states for a client-rendered React component?

Client-side data fetching states in React

Explains loading, error, empty, success, refetch, stale data, and request lifecycle in client-rendered React.

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I would model states such as idle, loading, success, empty, error, and refreshing. First load can show a skeleton or loading state. After data exists, a refetch can keep stale data visible with a smaller pending indicator. Errors should have safe copy and a retry path. Empty state should distinguish no data from no results after filters. The component should not collapse into a blank screen while a request is in progress.

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Request state, loading UX, errors, empty states, stale data, retries, cancellation, and component boundaries.

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Why this question matters
Data fetching is not just calling fetch. The UI needs a clear model for what the user sees while data is loading, missing, stale, or failed.
I would model states such as idle, loading, success, empty, error, and refreshing. First load can show a skeleton or loading state. After data exists, a refetch can keep stale data visible with a smaller pending indicator. Errors should have safe copy and a retry path. Empty state should distinguish no data from no results after filters. The component should not collapse into a blank screen while a request is in progress.
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I would decide whether fetching belongs inside the component, a route-level loader, a server component, or a query library. For simple local data, a component effect may be enough. For shared data, caching, invalidation, retries, and background refresh, a query library or framework data layer can reduce custom state bugs. Request identity matters: the result should match the current filters, user, and route, not an older request.

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Only modeling loading and success.
Replacing useful stale data with a blank screen during refetch.
Showing the same empty state for no data and filtered no-results.
Letting old request results overwrite the current route or filters.

How would you model data fetching states for a client-rendered React component?

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